Ch3_FlaggrR

=Chapter (3) Section (1)=

A car that got into an accident. The front of the car is smashed inward. The body is smacked against the airbag that comes out of the steering wheel and the bumper on the back fell off. The wreck makes it look as if the car was speeding.
 * What Do You See?**

To protect myself from serious injuries I wear my seatbelt and make sure my car is running correctly.
 * What Do You Think?**

This Physics Talk is about vehicle safety. Accidents can always occur. Governments and manufacturers of cars make vehicles safer. If you are in an accident in a safer vehicle, injury is limited. Pedestrians can get hit by a moving automobile. Ralph Nader, attorney and political activist, wrote Unsafe at Any Speed. It touches base on the problems of not wearing a seat belt, having hard chrome dashboards, and solid steering columns. The increase in fatal 4WD crashes could be due to growing number of kilometers traveled. Also, some drivers increase speed under the impression that the safety features will protect them.
 * Physics Talk**

1. Seat belts, back up sensing systems, and front air bags are improvements made on car manufacturers that increase safety in automobiles. 2. The increase in fatal 4WD crashes could be due to growing number of kilometers traveled. Also, some drivers increase speed under the impression that the safety features will protect them.
 * Checking Up Questions**

1. 10 safety features: turn signals [F,R,S], side airbags [S, T], tempered shatterproof glass [F,R,S,T], shoulder belts [F,R,S,T], side-impact beams in doors [S], rear crumple zones [R], front crumple zones [F], seat belts [F,R,S,T], head restraints [F,R], front airbags [F, R, T] 2. bike safety features: helmet, wrist guards, knee pads, reflector 3. in-line skating safety features: helmet, knee pads, wrist guards, shin guards, thick wheels 4. skate boards safety features: helmet, knee pads, wrist guards, a touch surface
 * PTG**

Accidents are common events that do occur but there are ways to make yourself protected from them. Cars have certain devices that can protect us from crashes. The most important device is a seat belt, which protects us from falling out of the car or banging our head and bodies into things. As long as both drivers are focusing on driving than the chances of a crash lowers greatly.
 * What Do You Think Now?**

= ﻿Chapter (3) Section (2) = Investigate X2: Newton's FIrst Law and Seatbelts


 * Objectives:**
 * What happens to a passenger involved in a car accident without and with a seatbelt?
 * What factors affect the passenger’s safety after a collision?
 * How would a seat belt for a race car be different from one available on a regular car?

For a passenger involved in a car accident without a seatbelt, one can be injured or killed based upon the severity of the crash. Factors that affect the passenger's safety after a collision are if the passenger is capable of getting out of the car because the car may have flipped over. Also, the person could break bones or get glass in skin. A seatbelt in a racecar should keep the driver more intact because the driver can receive a much more dangerous injury due to the higher speeds traveled. With a seatbelt with many belts, the driver will definitely be able to stay in the seat, regardless of the severity of the crash and hopefully take away some of the injury.
 * Hypothesis:** Respond to each of the above objectives fully.

Clay, ramp, textbooks, string, and meter stick
 * Materials:** List any materials used and draw a labeled diagram of your set-up (alternatively, include a snapshot or video).


 * Procedure:**
 * 1) Make a clay figure and then place the figure in the cart.
 * 2) Arrange a ramp so that the endstop is at the bottom of the ramp.
 * 3) Adjust the height of the ramp to make a very shallow incline.
 * 4) Send the cart down the ramp.
 * 5) Very gradually increase the height of the ramp until significant “injury” happens to your figure. Make a note of this height.
 * 6) Fix your clay figure. Create a seatbelt for the figure and take a "Before" picture and post in your data table.
 * 7) Send your cart and passenger down the ramp at the same height as in Step 5. Be sure to record your observations specifically and carefully. Take an "After" picture and post in your data table to supplement your written observations.
 * 8) Repeat Steps 6 and 7, using different types of material for the seatbelt.

Data and observations: Injury Height with no seatbelt: _ m through his body and sliced his neck. || 6 ||
 * **//Type of Seatbelt//** || //**Before Picture**// || //**After Picture**// || //**Description and Observations**// || //**Group**// ||
 * Thread || [[image:proringer:theadmadread.jpg height="192" caption="theadmadread.jpg"]] || [[image:proringer:thread_madread_2.jpg height="192" caption="thread_madread_2.jpg"]] || Arm chopped off. The seat belt cut
 * Wire || [[image:proringer:hershey_kissboybefore.jpg height="192" caption="hershey_kissboybefore.jpg"]] || [[image:proringer:hersheykissafter.jpg height="189" caption="hersheykissafter.jpg"]] || The wire was wrapped around him pretty tightly. The passenger was severely injured because the wire sliced through his arms and chest. It is clearly the thin dense material that did this || 1 ||
 * Yarn || [[image:proringer:bj_string_one.jpg height="192" caption="bj_string_one.jpg"]] || [[image:proringer:bj_string_twozel.jpg height="192" caption="bj_string_twozel.jpg"]] || Our observation of the string seat belt is that when the accident occurred, the figure slammed forward. This shows that the string is not sturdy enough to prevent an injury in an accident || 5 ||
 * String || [[image:proringer:stringlapoop.jpg height="192" caption="stringlapoop.jpg"]] || [[image:proringer:stringlapoop2.jpg height="192" caption="stringlapoop2.jpg"]] || Our seatbelt made of string went around the chest. After going down the ramp, our passenger was still in the cart without any injuries. || 2 ||
 * Ribbon || [[image:proringer:panso_x3_ribbon.jpg height="192" caption="panso_x3_ribbon.jpg"]] || [[image:proringer:panso_ribbon_x4.jpg height="192" caption="panso_ribbon_x4.jpg"]] || We made a seatbelt out of ribbon that went around his waist shoulders and chest. When the cart went down the ramp, the seatbelt held him in place and the clay person didn't leave the cart. || 3 ||
 * tape || [[image:proringer:mitchel_lalalal_masking.jpg height="192" caption="mitchel_lalalal_masking.jpg"]] || [[image:proringer:michell_lalal_2_masking.jpg height="192" caption="michell_lalal_2_masking.jpg"]] || we took a piece of tape and folded it over so there was no sticky part. We then twirled the end to make tying it easier. We put the tape belt around "her" waist and tied it around the bottom of the cart. Despite my face in the after picture, the tape actually worked well because our figure was unharmed and barely moved. || 4 ||

//** *Read the Physics Talk p268 - 271 before answering the following questions. * **// Questions:
 * 1) Define the terms: inertia, force and pressure. F orce: an interaction between two objects that can result in an acceleration of either or both objects; pressure: force per area where the force is normal [perpendicular] to the surface, measured in N/m^2 or Pa; inertia: the natural tendency of an object to remain at rest or to remain moving with constant speed in a straight
 * 2) In the collision, the car stops abruptly. What happens to the “passenger”? An object will stay in motion until an opposite force acts upon it, so the passenger keeps going until the "seatbelt" abruptly stops the person.
 * 3) What parts of your passenger were in greatest danger (most damaged)? The person's head because our seatbelt secured the legs and main body only.
 * 4) What does Newton’s first law have to do with this? An object will stay in motion until an opposite force acts upon it.
 * 5) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">What materials were most effective as seatbelts? Why? the ribbon and non sticky tape.
 * 6) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">Use Newton's first law of motion to describe the three collisions. First, the car hits the pole & the pole exerts a force that makes the car stop. Second, the car stops and the body keeps moving. The seat belt goes against this or anything that is in front of you. Yet, the car exerts a force that makes the body stop its motion forward. Third, the body stops, but the heart, brain, and other organs keep moving. The body wall gives off a force that makes the body stop. The ligaments and tendons can break or snap, and the organs can smash into the cavity that much harder, creating internal bleeding.
 * 7) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">Why does a broad band of material work better as a seatbelt than a narrow wire? The larger surface makes there less pressure.

Conclusion: · Using Newton's First law of Motion, explain why a seat belt is an important safety feature in a vehicle. What factors affect the effectiveness of a seatbelt? What would you need to consider when designing a seatbelt for a race car? Use specific observations from this investigation to support your answers to these questions. In a car crash, the moving vehicle is hit with force by another vehicle, causing an opposite reaction. An object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. The car that is struck in an accident is stopped by another car. Seat belts are important to reduce the severity of the accident by keeping the passenger in the seat. A seat belt must be tight but comfortable to the person's body, securing them in the seat. The material must be broad, there must be low pressure, and the fabric shouldn't have much stretch. The ribbon used in my investigation was a thicker material and was wide, keeping the clay man out of death. It wasn't the best, but it worked. Race car drivers who drive at higher velocities need tighter and secure belts because in the case of an accident, consequences could be much more severe. · Explain at least 1 cause of experimental error. Be sure you describe a specific reason. One experimental error would be if we didn't test all the different materials to see if they all protected the person. For example if we only did one experiment testing the ribbon as a seat belt, we would have concluded that a seat belt will always protect the passenger but after experiments, we concluded that wire wouldn't protect the passenger. This means that seat belts need to be tested for effectiveness and not all materials will keep a person safe. · How would you improve the results of this lab? (In other words, what would you change about the materials or procedure to eliminate or reduce the experimental error you describe above?) I would change the passenger (material of object) because it was a clear advantage for some people. Also, the ramp should have been set at the exact same height for all people to ensure that every body could compare their results for the different material seat belts. Some people stacked more books than others under the ramps for different slopes.

USE THE RUBRIC TO MAKE SURE YOU HAVE INCLUDED ALL REQUIREMENTS!

<span style="font-size: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">Investigate X3: Energy and Air Bags


 * Objective:**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">How does an air bag protect you during an accident?

An air bag is important in order to make sure that one's head doesn't go through a windshield, protecting serious damage. The air bag is the opposite reaction that stops the person in motion from flying through the windshield. When a driver is in an accident, the air bag is timed with the collision and protects the person from death, stopping the forward motion of the person in the accident.
 * Hypothesis:** Respond to the objective fully.

egg, bowl of flour, bag for egg, ruler, meter stick, weight scale
 * Materials:** List any materials used and draw a labeled diagram of your set-up (alternatively, include a snapshot or video).


 * Procedure:**

**Note: //You may want to use the available technology to take "Before" and "After" pics to post in your data table to assist and elaborate on your written descriptions.//**

// 1. Measure the height of your egg #1. // // 2. Place an egg in a ziplock bag, squeezing out all of the air in the bag before sealing. // // 3. Hold a ruler up on the table vertically. Hold the egg vertically at the 2 cm mark. (Keep the excess bag on top.) Drop it. Record your observations. // // 4. Hold the egg the same exact way at the 4-cm mark and repeat. Continue this process until the egg shell is slightly cracked. // // 5. Continue until the egg is smashed and the yolk leaks out. Measure the amount of egg still undamaged. How much of the egg is smashed? Be sure to record detailed observations. // // 6. Fill a bowl with rice and place the bowl inside of the box lid. // // 7. Measure the height of your egg #2. // // 8. Drop the egg from the smash height (Step 3). Measure the amount of egg sticking up out of the rice bed. How much of the egg is buried in the rice? Also, record your observations. // // 9. Repeat this, increasing the height in 2-cm increments until the egg is cracked, and then smashed. //

//**Data and observations:** Add more columns/row as needed.// <span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; border-collapse: collapse;"><span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font-weight: normal;">


 * **Egg #** || **Drop Height** || **Cracked or Smashed?** || **Description and Observations** || **Mass (kg)** || **Height of Egg After Drop (m)** || **Total Damage or Sinkage (m)** ||
 * 1 || 2 cm. || The egg cracked. || The egg slightly cracked on the point of impact. || 0.055 || 0.060 || 0 ||
 * 1 || 4 cm. || The egg cracked. || The egg had a more severe crack at the point of impact. || 0.055 || 0.060 || 0 ||
 * 1 || 6 cm || The egg CRACKED || The egg became indented. || 0.055 || 0.058 || 0.002 ||
 * 1 || 8 cm. || THE EGG cracked.... || More indentation and cracks. || 0.055 || 0.056 || 0.004 ||
 * 1 || 10 cm || The egg cracked || The egg is in a cracked state. Most of the egg is cracked. || 0.055 || 0.056 || 0.004 ||
 * 1 || 12 cm || Cracked || The egg is still cracked and white oozed out || 0.055 || 0.055 || 0.005 ||
 * 1 || 14 cm || Severely cracked. || Cracked to the point of major oozing || 0.055 || 0.050 || 0.010 ||
 * 1 || 16 cm || Smashed || The yolk is completely out. || 0.055 || 0.045 || 0.015 ||
 * 1 Pt. 2 || 16 cm || No cracks at all. || The egg sank about 0.016 m. || 0.0564 || 0.040 || 0.016 ||
 * 1 Pt. 2 || 20 cm || No cracks at all. || The egg sank about 0.021 m. || 0.0564 || 0.035 || 0.021 ||
 * 1 Pt. 2 || 24 cm || No cracks at all. || The egg sank about 0.024 m || 0.0564 || 0.032 || 0.024 ||
 * 1 Pt. 2 || 28 cm || No cracks at all. || The egg sank about 0.025 m. || 0.0564 || 0.031 || 0.025 ||
 * 1 Pt. 2 || 2 m || No cracks || The egg sank about 0.028 m || 0.0564 || 0.028 || 0.028 ||
 * 1 Pt. 2 || 2.5 m || The egg finally cracked from an outrageous height. || The egg had cracks surrounding it. It exploded. It sank down right to the end of the plate about 0.030 m. || 0.0564 || 0.026 || 0.030 ||


 * Calculations:** Show equation(s), numbers plugged in, and answer with correct units. Add columns in your data table to include these results.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">What is the gravitational potential energy in each trial?
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">How much work is done in each trial?
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">How much force was used to stop the egg in each case of steps 5, 8 and 9.

** *Read the Physics Talk p279 - 287 before answering the following questions. * **
 * Questions:**
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">This investigate is an analogy for a person in an automobile collision. What does the egg represent? What does the table represent? What does the rice represent?
 * 2) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">Define the terms: Kinetic Energy and Work.
 * 3) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">What factors determine an object's kinetic energy?
 * 4) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">WHen work is done on an object, what is the effect on the object's kinetic energy?
 * 5) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">How does the force needed to stop a moving object depend on the distance the force acts?
 * 6) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">What difference does a soft landing area make on a passenger during a collision?
 * 7) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">How does a cushion reduce the force needed to stop a passenger?
 * 8) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">What does the law of conservation of energy have to do with this?

· Using the law of conservation of energy, explain how an air bag can protect you during an accident. Use specific observations from this investigation to support your answers to these questions. · Explain at least 1 cause of experimental error. Be sure you describe a specific reason. · How would you improve the results of this lab? (In other words, what would you change about the materials or procedure to eliminate or reduce the experimental error you describe above?)
 * Conclusion:**

USE THE RUBRIC TO MAKE SURE YOU HAVE INCLUDED ALL REQUIREMENTS!

<span style="font-size: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">** Investigate X5: Momentum and Elastic Collisions **

Objective: A small sports car hits a heaby truck in a collision. What factors determine the outcome for the passengers of the two vehicles? Which driver will sustain worse injuries? Why?

Materials: List any materials used and draw a labeled diagram of your set-up (alternatively, include a snapshot or video).

Procedure:
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Place a cart on the middle of the track with the spring to the right. Call this the "target cart." Place a second identical cart on the right end of the track. Call this the "Bullet cart".
 * 2) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Push the bullet cart very gently towards the target cart so that they collide, with the spring between them.
 * 3) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Repeat step 2 several times, giving the bullet cart a bigger push each time. Record your observations.
 * 4) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Add 500-g to each cart and repeat the process. Record your observations and compare the results to the first set of collisions.
 * 5) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Remove the mass from the target cart and repeat the above steps.
 * 6) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Add the mass to the target cart and remove the mass from the bullet cart, and repeat.
 * 7) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Get the "Mystery" cart from your teacher. Determine the relative mass of the cart by putting it through a sequence of collisions.

//**Data and observations:** Add more columns/row as needed.//
 * **Bullet Cart** || **Target Cart** || **Applied force** || **Description and Observations** ||  ||

** *Read the Physics Talk p306 - 307 before answering the following questions. * **
 * Questions:**
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">What is a real-life collision that the collisions in this investigation could represent?
 * 2) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">How well did observing collisions enable you to compare the masses of the carts in the last step?
 * 3) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">What happened after the collision as the masses changed?
 * 4) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">Define the term momentum.
 * 5) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">Which object has greater momentum, a butterfly traveling at 16 km/h or an eagle traveling at the same speed?
 * 6) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">How does the transfer of momentum occur?
 * 7) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 37pt; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -19pt;">Use momentum to describe what would happen if a skaterboarder was hit by a car.

· Based on the relative amounts of momentum, what is the outcome of a head-on collision between a heavy truck and a small sports car if both have the same speed? · Explain at least 1 cause of experimental error. Be sure you describe a specific reason. · How would you improve the results of this lab? (In other words, what would you change about the materials or procedure to eliminate or reduce the experimental error you describe above?)
 * Conclusion:**

USE THE RUBRIC TO MAKE SURE YOU HAVE INCLUDED ALL REQUIREMENTS!

<span style="font-size: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">** Investigate X6: Momentum and Inelastic Collisions **

Objective: What physics principles do the traffic-accident investigators use to "reconstruct" the accident?

Materials: List any materials used and draw a labeled diagram of your set-up (alternatively, include a snapshot or video). Procedure:
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Place a motion detector at the right end of a track. Open up data studio. Dump "Velocity" into "Graph" display, and enlarge this.
 * 2) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Place a cart on the middle of the track with the velcro to the right. Call this the "target cart." Place a second identical cart on the right end of the track. Call this the "Bullet cart".
 * 3) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Click "Start" on Data Studio, and then push the bullet cart very gently towards the target cart so that they collide and stick together. You may need to practice this a few times. Be sure to get your body out of the way of the motion detector!
 * 4) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Examine the graph produced by the motion detector. Using the Smart Tool, find the velocity right before and right after the collision. Record this in your data table.
 * 5) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Vary the masses of the carts and repeat the process 5 times.

//**Data and observations:** Add more columns/row as needed.//
 * **Mass of Bullet Cart (kg)** || **Mass of Target Cart (kg)** || **Speed of Bullet Cart** (m/s) || **Speed of Target cart (m/s)** || **Combined masses (kg)** || **Final Velocity of both carts (m/s)** ||
 * .502 || .494 || .57 || 0 || .996 || .27 ||
 * 1.002 || .494 || .47 || 0 || 1.496 || .25 ||
 * .502 || .994 || .56 || 0 || 1.496 || .19 ||
 * 1.002 || .994 || .36 || 0 || 1.996 || .14 ||
 * 1.502 || .494 || .43 || 0 || 1.996 || .24 ||
 * ||  ||   || 0 ||   ||   ||


 * Calculations:** Show equation(s), numbers plugged in, and answer with correct units. Add columns in your data table to include these results.
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Find the initial momentum of the bullet cart for each trial.
 * 2) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Find the initial momentum of the target cart for each trial.
 * 3) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Find the sum of the initial momenta of the two carts for each trial.
 * 4) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Find the final momentum of the combined carts for each trial.

** *Read the Physics Talk p312 - 315 before answering the following questions. * **
 * Questions:**
 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Compare the initial momenta (calc 3) to the final momentum (calc 4). (Allow for minor variations due to uncertainties of measurement.)
 * 2) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">List the 6 types of collisions (top of page 312) and a brief description.
 * 3) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Which types of collisions are definitely inelastic? How do you know?
 * 4) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Which types of collisions are definitely elastic? How do you know?
 * 5) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Define the law of conservation of momentum.
 * 6) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Use the law of conservation of momentum to describe what happens when a cue ball hits the 15 balls in the middle of the pool table.

· Based on the law of conservation of momentum, how can the traffic-accident investigators use to "reconstruct" the accident? What does it mean to "conserve" momentum? · Explain at least 1 cause of experimental error. Be sure you describe a specific reason. · How would you improve the results of this lab? (In other words, what would you change about the materials or procedure to eliminate or reduce the experimental error you describe above?)
 * Conclusion:**

USE THE RUBRIC TO MAKE SURE YOU HAVE INCLUDED ALL REQUIREMENTS!